STRUKTURALISME LÉVI-STRAUSS DALAM NASKAH PARARATON

Rights Holder

ISBI

Creator

ZIKRIA PUTRI GRASSIVA

Title

STRUKTURALISME LÉVI-STRAUSS DALAM NASKAH PARARATON

Abstract

Dengan menggunakan pendekatan strukturalisme Claude Lévi-Strauss, penelitian ini menyelidiki struktur mitologi Pararaton. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana masyarakat Jawa menciptakan gagasan tentang kekuasaan melalui simbol-simbol yang mereka gunakan. Pararaton dipahami bukan hanya sebagai catatan sejarah dinasti Singhasari-Majapahit, tetapi juga sebagai mitos yang menggambarkan keyakinan umum tentang moralitas, tatanan, dan legitimasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis struktural teks Pararaton dan eksplorasi lapangan di Museum Singosari dan Candi Singosari di Malang. Pengamatan langsung di lokasi museum dan candi serta wawancara menyeluruh dengan Pamong Budaya Museum Singosari, Kepala Museum, dan Juru Pelihara Candi Singosari memberikan data utama. Data sekunder diperoleh melalui peninjauan literatur tentang naskah Pararaton serta studi antropologi yang relevan. Analisis data dilakukan dalam lima tahap: (1) pengurangan dan pemangkasan data; (2) pengkodean dan identifikasi mitem; (3) pembagian data berdasarkan oposisi biner strukturalis; (4) analisis transformasi dan mediasi simbolik; dan (5) interpretasi antropologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pararaton memiliki struktur berlapis. Ini terdiri dari mitologis (dengan legitimasi supranatural Ken Arok), genealogis-politis (dengan siklus karma dan pembalasan), dan kronikal (dengan peralihan ke Majapahit). Rakyat versus Bangsawan, Sakral versus Profan, Keturunan versus Karma, Pusat versus Pinggiran, dan Wahyu versus Ambisi adalah lima oposisi utama. Konflikt diselesaikan oleh mediator simbolis seperti Keris Mpu Gandring, Ken Dedes, dan wahyu kedaton. Warisan simbolis Pararaton masih berfungsi dalam masyarakat Singosari modern melalui transmisi formal (museum dengan pendekatan edukatif bertingkat), transmisi informal (cerita lisan juru pelihara candi), dan praktik ritual (perayaan Nyepi). Namun, kurangnya dukungan struktural dan penyederhanaan narasi mengancam kelangsungan mitos ini. Studi menemukan bahwa Pararaton berfungsi sebagai "logika budaya" yang memungkinkan orang Jawa memahami perubahan kekuasaan sebagai bagian dari tatanan kosmis. Mereka menemukan bahwa legitimasi yang benar membutuhkan validasi ganda, yaitu genealogis dan spiritual.

This research investigates the mythological structure of Pararaton using Claude Lévi-Strauss's structuralism approach to gain a better understanding of how Javanese society constructs concepts of power through symbols. Pararaton is understood not merely as a historical record of the Singhasari-Majapahit dynasty, but also as a myth reflecting collective beliefs about morality, order, and legitimacy. This study employs a qualitative approach through structural analysis of the Pararaton text and field exploration at Singosari Museum and Singosari Temple in Malang. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with the Cultural Officer of Singosari Museum, the Museum Director, and the Temple Custodian, as well as direct observation at the museum and temple sites. Secondary data were gathered through literature review of the Pararaton manuscript and relevant anthropological studies. Data analysis was conducted in five stages: (1) data reduction and condensation; (2) coding and mytheme identification; (3) classification of data based on structuralist binary oppositions; (4) analysis of transformation and symbolic mediation; and (5) anthropological interpretation. Research findings reveal that Pararaton has a layered structure consisting of mythological (Ken Arok's supernatural legitimacy), genealogical-political (cycles of karma and retribution), and chronological (transition to Majapahit) dimensions. Five significant binary oppositions were identified: Commoner vs. Nobility, Sacred vs. Profane, Lineage vs. Karma, Center vs. Periphery, and Divine Mandate vs. Ambition. These conflicts are resolved through symbolic mediators such as the Keris of Mpu Gandring, Ken Dedes, and the royal divine mandate (wahyu kedaton). The symbolic heritage of Pararaton continues to function in contemporary Singosari society through formal transmission (museum with tiered educational approaches), informal transmission (oral narratives by temple custodians), and ritual practices (Nyepi celebrations). However, the continuity of this myth is threatened by fragmentation due to lack of structural support and narrative simplification. The study concludes that Pararaton functions as "cultural logic" enabling Javanese society to understand power transitions as part of cosmic order, with true legitimacy requiring dual validation: genealogical and spiritual.

Pararaton, oposisi biner, mitos, kekuasaan Jawa, legitimasi.

Description

Perpustakaan Pusat

Date

2025

Has Part

antropologibudaya